A millennium (pl. -ni⋅ums, -ni⋅a) is a period of time equal to one thousand years (from the Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native speakers, a small number of scholars can fluently speak it and it continues to be taught in schools and universities and has been, and currently is, used in the process of phrase mille, thousand, and annus, year), often but not necessarily related numerically to a particular dating system A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, and years. The name given to each day is known as a date. Periods in a calendar are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the.
For example, a millennium could start at the beginning of the year 289 and finish at the beginning of the year 1289.
Sometimes, it is used specifically for periods of one thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration (Thus is typically the year "1".), or in later years which are whole number multiples of a thousand years after it. The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Frequently in the latter case (and sometimes also in the former) it may have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism Millenarianism is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed. Millennialism is a specific form of millenarianism based on a one-thousand-year cycle, which many sects of different religions believe). Sometimes in religious usages, such an interval called a "millennium" might be interpreted less precisely, i.e., not always being exactly 1000 years long.
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Counting years
Ordinal
The original method of counting years was ordinal In set theory, an ordinal number, or just ordinal, is the order type of a well-ordered set. They are usually identified with hereditarily transitive sets. Ordinals are an extension of the natural numbers different from integers and from cardinals. Like other kinds of numbers, ordinals can be added, multiplied, and exponentiated, whether 1st year A.D. Anno Domini and Before Christ (abbreviated as BC or B.C.) are designations used to label years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The calendar era to which they refer is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus, with AD denoting years after the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of or regnal 10th year of King Henry VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. This ordinal numbering is still present in the names of the millennia and centuries, for example 1st Millennium or the 20th century, and sometimes in the names of decades, e.g. 1st decade of the 21st century.
Ranges
A change from ordinals to cardinals is incomplete and might not ever be completed; the main issues arise from the content of the various year ranges. Similar issues affect the contents of centuries. Decades are usually referred to by their leading numbers and are therefore immune to this controversy: the decade called 1990s would by its naming not include 2000. Similarly the 100 years comprising the 1900s share 99 years in common with the 20th century, but do not include 2000.
Those following ordinal year names naturally choose
- 2001–2100 as the current century
- 2001–3000 as the current millennium
Those following cardinal year names equally naturally choose
- 2000–2099 as the current century
- 2000–2999 as the current millennium
Debate over millennium celebrations
The common Western calendar, i.e. the Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter gravissimas. The reformed calendar was adopted later that year by a handful of countries, with other countries, has been defined with counting origin 1. Thus each period of 1,000 years concludes with a year number with three zeroes, e.g. the first thousand years in the Western calendar included the year 1000. However, there are two viewpoints about how millennia should be thought of in practice, one which relies on the formal operation of the calendar and one which appeals to other notions that attract popular sentiment. A number of countries International standard ISO 8601 defines unambiguous written all-numeric bigendian formats for dates, such as 1999-12-31 for December 31, 1999; and time, such as 23:59:59 for 23 hours, 59 minutes, and 59 seconds have legally adopted ISO 8601 ISO 8601 is an international standard covering the exchange of date and time-related data. The standard is titled "Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates and times" and was issued by the International Organization for Standardization . The purpose of this International Standard is to, also used in other contexts, which uses the astronomical calendar Astronomical year numbering is based on AD /CE (Common Era) year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. Thus, it has a year 0, the years before that are designated with negative numbers and the years after that are designated with positive numbers. Astronomers use the Julian calendar for years before 1582, including in which year counting starts at 0. Thus, when using this calendar, the millennium starts at x000 and ends at x999. There was a popular debate leading up to the celebrations of the year 2000 as to whether the beginning of that year should be understood (and celebrated) as the beginning of a new millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previous decades, centuries, and millennia. The issue is tied to the convention of using ordinal numbers In set theory, an ordinal number, or just ordinal, is the order type of a well-ordered set. They are usually identified with hereditarily transitive sets. Ordinals are an extension of the natural numbers different from integers and from cardinals. Like other kinds of numbers, ordinals can be added, multiplied, and exponentiated to count millennia (as in "the third millennium"), as opposed to using cardinal numbers In mathematics, cardinal numbers, or cardinals for short, are a generalization of the natural numbers used to measure the cardinality of sets. The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number – the number of elements in the set. The transfinite cardinal numbers describe the sizes of infinite sets (as in "the two thousands"), which is unambiguous as it does not depend on which year counting starts. The first convention is common in English speaking countries, but the latter is favored in for example Sweden ("tvåtusentalet").
The Arbitrariness of the selection of the Year One
As a side-note to the debate on timing of the "turning of the millennium", the arbitrariness of the era itself can be raised. Mathematically, the choice of the zero point on any timeline is an arbitrary one. (However, once chosen, it must be abided by.)
The Gregorian calendar is a secularized Secularisation is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious values and secular institutions. Secularisation thesis refers to the belief that as societies "progress", particularly through modernization and rationalization, religion loses its authority in all, de facto De facto is a Latin expression that means "by [the] fact". In law, it is meant to mean "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but without being officially established". It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique (such standard, based on a significant Christian A Christian (pronounced /ˈkrɪstʃən/ ) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who Christians believe is the Messiah (the Christ in Greek-derived terminology) prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, and the son of God. Most Christians believe in the doctrine of event, the purported date of the birth of Jesus Christ Jesus of Nazareth , also known as Jesus Christ or simply Jesus, is the central figure of Christianity, which views him as the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, with most Christian denominations believing him to be the Son of God and God incarnate who was raised from the dead. Islam and the Baha'i Faith consider Jesus a prophet and also the. Thus, the foundation of the calendar may not be as relevant to non-Christians. The calendar is one among many other calendars Categories: Specific calendars | Reference material lists | that are still in use and have been used, historically. Adjustments and errors in the calendar (such as Dionysius Exiguus Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 544) was a sixth century monk born in Scythia Minor, modern Dobruja, Romania (a small portion is in Bulgaria). He was a member of the Scythian monks community concentrated in Tomis, the major city of Scythia Minor's incorrect calculation of the year 1 A.D.) make the particular dates we use today arbitrary.
However, everyone can utilize the current, very common calendar, referring to its years as either being year of the "Christian Era" or the "Common Era", or the years earlier than this one as being either before the "Christian Era" or before the "Common Era", abbreviated B.C.E..
Viewpoint 1: x001–y000
Those holding that the arrival of new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e. December 31, 2000), argued that since the Gregorian Calendar has no year zero, the millennia should be counted from A.D. 1. Thus the first period of one thousand complete years runs from the beginning of A.D. 1 to the end of A.D. 1000, and the beginning of the second millennium took place at the beginning of 1001. The second millennium thus ends at the end of the year 2000. Then again, those who defend the opposite idea state that the new millennium started with the year 2000 (because of the changes made to the Gregorian calendar in 1582, or because the first millennium started in 1 A.D. and ended in 999 A.D., being the only millennium (along with the last millennium b.c.) not with 1000 years, but with 999 years).
| 2 BC | 1 BC | AD 1 | AD 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | 998 | 999 | 1000 | 1001 | 1002 | ... | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | ... | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 |
| First one thousand years (millennium) | Second millennium | Third millennium | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Arthur C. Clarke Sri Lankabhimanya Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE, FRAS was a British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist, most famous for the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, written in parallel of the script for the eponymous film, co-written with film-director Stanley Kubrick; and as a host and commentator in the British television series Mysterious gave this analogy Analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, (from a statement received by Reuters Reuters Group Limited, Reuters Group PLC , now a subsidiary of Canadian corporation Thomson Reuters (2008) (pronounced /ˈrɔɪtərz/) is a United Kingdom-based news service and former financial market data provider that provides news reports from around the world to news media. News reporting once accounted for less than 10% of the company's): "If the scale on your grocer's weighing machine began at 1 instead of 0, would you be happy when he claimed he'd sold you 10 kg of tea?" This statement illustrates the common confusion about the calendar. If one counts from the beginning of A.D. 1 to the ending of A.D. 1000, one would have counted 1000 years. The next 1000 years (millennium) would begin on the first day of 1001. So the calendar has not 'cheated' anyone out of a year. In other words, the argument is based on the fact that the last year of the first two thousand years in the Gregorian Calendar was 2000, not 1999.
Viewpoint 2: x000–x999
The "year 2000" has also been a popular phrase referring to an often utopian Utopia is a name for an ideal community or society possessing a seemingly perfect socio-politico-legal system. The word was invented by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia, describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean. The term has been used to describe both intentional communities that attempted to create an ideal society, and future, or a year when stories in such a future were set, adding to its cultural significance. There was also media and public interest in the Y2K bug. Thus, the populist argument was that the new millennium should begin when the zeroes "rolled over" to 2000, i.e. the day after December 31, 1999. People[who?] felt that the change of hundred digit in the year number, and the zeros rolling over, created a sense that a new century had begun. This is similar to the common demarcation of decades by their most significant digits, e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as the 1980s or "the eighties". Similarly, it would be valid to celebrate the year 2000 as a cultural event in its own right, and name the period 2000 to 2999 as "the 2000s".
Most historians agree that Dionysius nominated Christ's birth as December 25 of the year before AD 1[1]. This corresponded with the belief that the birth year itself was considered too holy to mention.[citation needed] It also corresponds to the notion that AD 1 was "the first year of his life", as distinguished from being the year after his first birthday. Similarly in AD 1000 the church actively discouraged any mention of that year and in modern times it labelled AD 2000 as the "Jubilee Year 2000" marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Christ. The AD system counts years with origin 1. Some[who?] assume a preceding Year 0 for the start of the first Christian millennium in order to start the millennia in year numbers multiple of 1000.
| −1 AD | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | 998 | 999 | 1000 | 1001 | 1002 | ... | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | ... | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 |
| First millennium (1000 years) | Second millennium | Third millennium | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 BC | 1 AD | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | 998 | 999 | 1000 | 1001 | 1002 | ... | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | ... | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 |
| First millennium (999 years only) | Second millennium | Third millennium | |||||||||||||||||||||
Popular approach
The majority popular approach was to treat the end of 1999 as the end of a millennium, and to hold millennium celebrations at midnight Midnight is, in most systems, the transition time period from one day to the next: when the date changes. Originally midnight was halfway between sunset and sunrise, varying according to the seasons between December 31, 1999 and January 1, 2000, as per viewpoint 2. The cultural and psychological significance of the events listed above combined to cause celebrations to be observed one year earlier than the formal Gregorian date. This does not, of course, establish that insistence on the formal Gregorian date is "incorrect", though some view it as pedantic (as in the comment of Douglas Adams mentioned below). Some event organisers hedged their bets by calling their 1999 celebrations things like "Click" referring to the odometer An odometer indicates distance travelled by a car or other vehicle. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The word derives from the Greek words hodós, meaning "path" or gateway and "métron", "measure"-like rolling over of the nines to zeros. A second approach was to adopt two different views on the millennium problem and celebrate the new millennium twice.
Thu, 05 Aug 2010 23:02:51 GMT+00:00
Development Goals: PM Daily Times ... that the effective and sustained implementation of the National Health Policy 2010 would go a long way in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. ... Winning the War on Poverty: Reevaluating the UN Millennium Development Goals Heritage.org (blog) MDG Goals Panned for Isolating Women's Rights WomensRadio Report acknowledges need to work better towards achieving development in Iraq Business Intelligence Middle East (press release) Look To The Stars
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